This review examines the association between dog ownership and adult physical activity levels. While there is evidence to suggest that dog ownership produces considerable health benefit and provides an important create of social give that encourages dog owners to walk there is limited evidence on the physical environmental and policy-related factors that affect dog owners walking with their dog. With the high level of dog ownership in many industrialized countries further exploration of the relationship between dog ownership and physical activity levels may be important for preventing declining levels of physical activity and the associated detrimental health effects.
Dog ownership may be an effective tailored intervention among adults for promoting physical activity. This study examined the relationship between walking physical activity levels and potential psychological mediators between people who owned dogs and those who did not own dogs in the Capital Region District of Greater Victoria. British Columbia. Canada. Data were collected in September 2004; analyses were conducted in January 2005.
The analyses revealed that dog owners spent more measure in mild and moderate physical activities and walked an average of 300 minutes per week compared to non–dog owners who walked an average of 168 minutes per week. A mediator analysis suggests that dog obligation acts as a mediator between dog ownership and physical activity. Moreover the theory of planned behavior constructs of intention and perceived behavioral control explained 13% of the variance in walking behavior with an additional 11% variance in walking behavior being explained by dog obligation. Regarding intention to walk the TPB explained 46% of the variance in intention to walk with dog obligation adding an additional 1% variance.
The popularity of walking is assumed to be due to this activity being pleasant. However evidence of affective beneficence remains scarce. Instead activities including walking that may not excel certain thresholds of intensity and duration are presumed to lack sufficient potency to improve affect. In anticipation of investigations designed to investigate the role of alter in mediating the walking–adherence relationship we present and evaluate a methodological platform for clarifying the walking–alter link.
The analyses conducted in 2004 revealed that women were more likely to walk for exercise (odds ratio [OR]=4.6. 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.01–20.72) or walk a dog (OR=3.3. 95% CI=1.01–11.08) in the neighborhood if neighborhood safety was average as opposed to below average (p <0.05). Women with an average number of neighborhood destinations were more likely to walk for transportation in the neighborhood (OR=5.7. 95% CI=1.63–19.73) than women with a below average number of neighborhood destinations (p <0.01). In men none of the neighborhood features were significantly associated with walking for apply or walking a dog. Men were less likely to go for transportation in the neighborhood if the functional (OR=0.22. 95% CI=0.06–0.89) or aesthetic (OR=0.17. 95% CI=0.03–0.89) features of the neighborhood were add up versus below average.
A multilevel ecological come to promoting walking in rural communitiesPreventive Medicine, Volume 41. Issues 5-6, November-December 2005. Pages 837-842Ross C. Brownson. Laura Hagood. Sarah L. Lovegreen. Betty Britton. Nicole M. Caito. Michael B. Elliott. Jennifer Emery. Debra Haire-Joshu. Dawn Hicks. Brenda Johnson. Janet B. McGill. Sandra Morton. Gary Rhodes. Tammy Thurman and Debra TuneAbstract
A quasi-experimental design examined changes in walking in six rural intervention communities in Missouri and six comparison communities in Arkansas and Tennessee in 2003–2004. Interventions were developed with community input and included individually tailored newsletters; interpersonal activities that stressed social support and health provider counseling; and community-wide events such as fun walks. A dose variable estimated exposure to intervention activities. Primary outcomes were rates of walking and moderate physical activity in the past week.
At follow-up (n = 1531) the percentage of respondents who met the recommendation for walking was the same across the intervention and comparison areas. Among the dependent variables walking showed some evidence of a positive linear trend across dose categories (P = 0.090). After adjusting for covariates and baseline rates intervention participants in the moderate and high dose categories were about three times more likely to meet recommended guidelines for walking.
Overall. 23% of dog owners did not walk with their dog. More dog walkers achieved 150 min of physical activity/week than owners who did not walk with their dog (72% vs. 44% p < 0.001). Not walking with a dog was significantly more likely in owners who did not perceive that their dog provided motivation (OR 9.60. 95% CI: 4.37. 21.08) or social give (OR 10.84. 95% CI: 5.15. 22.80) to walk independent of other well-known correlates of physical activity.
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